Phasor data concentrator
- 1. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)Seminar By :Nitesh PanditKedar KhandeparkarUnder The Guidance ofProf. A.M. KulkarniElectrical Engineering Dept, IIT Bombay10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 2. 1. Introduction1.1 Power Grid1.2 WAMS2.Components of WAMS2.1 PMU2.2 PDC3. Standards for PMU3.1 IEEE C37.1184. Communication between PMU & PDC4.1 UDP Communication 4.1 TCP Communication 5. WAMS Implementations6. Possible Approach7. Conclusion8. References 10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 3. IntroductionPower GridHigh voltage electric transmission is the bulk transfer of electric energy, from generating power plants to substations located nearer.
- 4. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high voltage transmission networks these are typically referred to as power grids.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 5. Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)Advanced measurement technology to collect information.
- 6. The WAMS technologies are comprised of two major functions:
- 8. extracting value from it
- 9. Getting the data is accomplished with a new generation of data recording hardware that produces high quality and high volume recordings.
- 10. Data is extracted and analyzed using several signal analysis tools and algorithms.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 11. Need Of WAMSIn order to avoid major regional blackouts such as those occurred in North America and Canada in 2003.When constant monitoring applications are available immediate action can be taken if some failures are detected.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 12. Comparison of SCADA & WAMSSCADA can only provides steady, low sampling density, and non synchronous information of the network.
- 13. Controlling centre cannot know the dynamic operation states of the system.
- 14. Instant action cannot be taken in case of failures.
- 15. WAMS enables us to observe the power system synchronously in more elaborate time scale.
- 16. WAMS requires data to be sent and captured at very fast rate.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 17. Components of WAMSPhasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
- 18. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 19. PMUThey are devices which use synchronization signals from the global positioning system (GPS) satellites and provide the phasor voltages and currents measured at a given substation.
- 20. A phasor is a complex number that represents both the magnitude and phase angle of the sine waves found in electricity.
- 21. PMU can have different Data Rate i.e. 60, 30, 10 frame per second.InputOutputPMUSecondary sides of the 3Φ P.T. or C.T.Corresponding Voltage or Current phasors10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 22. Advantage of using GPSIt is accurate to within 1 microsecond at any location on earth.
- 23. A 1-microsecond error translates into 0.021° for a 60 Hz system and 0.018 ° for a 50 Hz system and is certainly more accurate than any other application.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 24. PDCIt is a node in a system where phasor data from a number of PMUs or PDCs is correlated and fed out as a single stream to other applications.
- 25. PDC would performs the Real time monitoring , alarming , event triggering.
- 26. It performs local archiving.
- 27. It performs various quality checks on the phasor data.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 28. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)Super PDCLevel nVisualizationDBReal Time MonitoringLevel 1PDC 1PDC 6PMU 1PMU 2PMU 8PMU 41PMU 42PMU 4810/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 29. Operations inside PDCReceive data from PMU's/PDC's
- 30. Align the data as per the time tag and then perform sorting
- 31. Combine all data from multiple PMU's having same time stamp t into a single frame
- 32. Perform Local archival and also send the combined frame to other applications.
- 33. PDCs are available as Hardware and Software.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 34. Time Based Aligning of DataAlgorithm 1An array of time stamped buffers is maintained.
- 35. PDC will group together measurements from the same time stamp in to a single buffer.
- 36. In some cases the measurements may be delayed so there will be more than one time stamped buffer.
- 37. When the buffer is full the PDC will forward it to the applications consuming it.DrawbacksPDC has to wait for the buffer to be full before forwarding it to the applications.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 38. Algorithm 2Add a time-out per time stamped buffer.
- 39. The PDC assigns this newly arrived measurement to a new buffer.
- 40. The countdown to the time-out is initiated when the first phasor measurement of a certain time stamp arrives at the PDC.
- 41. When the time-out is up the PDC will forward the set without waiting for the rest of the phasor measurements to arrive10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 43. Process Model for SortingbeginSend_SetBuffer FulldefaultTime OutReceived Framesortdefaultwaitdefault10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 44. Standards for PMUIEEE Std 1344
- 45. IEEE C37.118
- 46. OPC-DA / OPC-HDA - A Microsoft Windows based interface protocol that is currently being generalized to use XML and run on non Windows computers.
- 47. IEC 61850 a standard for electrical substation automation.
- 48. BPA PDCStream - a variant of IEEE 1344 used by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) PDCs and user interface software.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 49. IEEE C37.118Four message/frame types Command (Binary)Configuration (Binary)Data (Binary)Header (ASCII)Frame Transmission OrderSYNC 2BFRAMESIZE 2BIDCODE 2BSOC 4BFRACSEC 4BDATA 1DATA 2DATA nCHK10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 50. Command Frame is received by PMU in order to take a particular action. Example “turn ON the transmission of data”.Header frame is human readable/ASCII information about the PMU, the data sources, scaling, algorithms, analog filters used, or other related information.Configuration frame contains the information and processing parameters of the PMU. Like it contains phasor, analog, frequency and digital value of PMU.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 51. Configuration Frame Organization10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 52. 3)Data frame provides information regarding phasor data and the state of the digital inputs on each channel. It also defines the frequency, angle, over-current, under-voltage and rate of frequency change.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 53. Communication between PMU & PDC1) UDP Communication2) TCP Communication10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 54. PDCPMUCMD Frame - Send CFG frameUDP CommunicationCFG Frame CMD Frame - Send data frameData Frame Data Frame Data Frame Conf change bit (0->1)CMD Frame - Send New CFG frameCFG FrameCMD Frame - Send data frameData Frame Data Frame CMD Frame -data transmission off10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 55. PDCPMUTCP CommunicationSYN , Seq=0Seq=0, Ack=1Seq=1,Ack=1CMD Frame - Send CFG frameAck = YYCFG Frame : Seq 22Ack = 22CMD Frame - Send Data frame Seq :23Ack = 23DATA Frame : Seq 24CMD Frame - Stop Data frame Seq :xxFIN10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 56. WAMS ImplementationsOpenPDCThe openPDC is a complete set of applications for processing streaming time-series data in real-time.
- 57. The openPDC is based on the SuperPDC which was developed by the Tennesse Valley Authority starting in 2004.10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 58. Wide Area Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET)It is a GPS-synchronized wide-area frequency measurement network.
- 59. Currently, FNET collects data from over 80 FDRs, most of which are installed in the North American power grid.
- 60. Applications provided by FNET include
- 61. event detection and location,
- 64. Wide Area Frequency Monitoring by IIT BombayIt is a continuous data archiving system.
- 65. It provides Web display of of the archived data.
- 66. Work on generating triggers, alarms in case some unusual events occur is in progress.
- 67. Currently, frequency measuring sensors are located at Mumbai, Kharagpur and Ahmedabad.
- 70. SEL
- 71. TNB
- 73. PDC Product Comparison Chart10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 74. Possible ApproachWe have considered TCP/UDP as network communication protocol.
- 75. Client Server Architecture.State Diagram :PDC : Process 1CMD FRM - send CFG FramePMU SimulatorCFG FRMDATA FRMPDC : Process 2CMD FRM - send DATA10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 76. PDC Process 2 DetailsReceive data/cnf framesShared MemoryCFG framesPass_ to_ upper_ Layer()MatchCreate data nodesSort()Maintains Buffer ListArchive()History10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 77. ConclusionSynchronized phasor measurement technologies have proliferated in many countries all over the world.
- 78. With the spread and advancement in this technology real time monitoring and decision making is going to be much easier.
- 79. Development of free and open source PDC software will certainly boost more contributions from all over the world. 10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 80. ReferencesKen Martin, “IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems”, IEEE Std C37.118 -2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 1344-1995).
- 81. “Real Time Wide-Area Monitoring, Control and Protection”, EIPP Real Time Task Team, White Paper DRAFT 3: Wide Area Monitoring-Control Phasor Data Requirements. Andrew Armenia, “A Flexible Phasor Data Concentrator Design Leveraging Existing Software Technologies”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 1, NO. 1, JUNE 2010. Biju Naduvathuparambil, Matthew C. Valenti and Ali FeXiachi, “Communication Delays in Wide Area Measurement Systems”, Lane Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Elect. Eng., West Virginia University, WV. Basics of Electric Power Transmission and Grid technology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission. http://www.phasor-rtdms.com/phaserconcepts/phasor_adv_faq.html#Question9. 10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System
- 82. Thank you10/18/10<number>Wide Area Measurement System